硫唑嘌呤(Azathioprine)
常见肺损伤类型
简介
硫唑嘌呤(azathioprine, AZA)能够拮抗嘌呤代谢从而抑制DNA、RNA和蛋白质的合成,起到免疫抑制剂的作用。该药已作为免疫抑制剂用于多种疾病的治疗,包括风湿性疾病,如类风湿性关节炎、系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)、皮肌炎和多发性肌炎、系统性硬化症及系统性血管炎;炎症性肠病;器官移植后排斥反应的预防;以及其他疾病的治疗。
背景
硫唑嘌呤在体内几乎全部转变成6-巯基嘌呤,可通过对RNA代谢的干扰而具有免疫抑制作用。由于其转变过程较慢,因而发挥作用缓慢。治疗自身免疫性疾病,一般情况下本品起始剂量为1-3mg/kg/d,在持续治疗期间,根据临床反应(可能数月或数周内并无反应)和血液系统的耐受性情况在此范围内作相应调整。常见不良反应包括:可逆性间质性肺炎;恶心、呕吐、腹泻等;白细胞减少症、血小板减少症、贫血;关节痛;皮疹、脱发;严重不良反应有肝静脉闭塞性疾病、肝脾T细胞淋巴瘤、Sweet's综合征等。
肺毒性
硫唑嘌呤肺毒性的类型主要包括:弥漫性肺炎、间质性肺炎、肺纤维化、急性肺损伤、肺泡出血、肺孢子菌肺炎等。硫唑嘌呤相关的间质性肺炎是一种罕见的并发症。目前尚不明确硫唑嘌呤肺毒性的发生率,文献报道,接受AZA 治疗的肾移植病人肺活检显示组织学异常,从弥漫性肺泡损伤到间质性肺炎和肺纤维化不等。接受低剂量AZA治疗的病人可出现透明膜、肺泡内水肿和肺泡上皮损伤,接受高剂量AZA治疗的病人可出现非典型上皮增生、远端气腔重组和纤维化。在组织学上观察到的变化无法与其他肺毒性药物引起的特征变化区分开来。
损伤机制
目前尚不完全清楚硫唑嘌呤诱发间质性肺炎的机制。
用药结果和药物管理
硫唑嘌呤所致的肺毒性的治疗主要包括停用硫唑嘌呤,对于肺部症状较重的病人可使用糖皮质激素。对于间质性肺炎病人,一般停药后可痊愈。
参考文献
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